Original article : Clinical science
Viewing 3D Stereoscopic Images in Children and Adults with and without Strabismus: Multicenter Study in Japan
Sachiko Nishina1, Akemi Wakayama2, Atsushi Miki3, Takashi Utsumi4, Kinei Ra5, Takao Hayashi6, Chie Usui7, Hiroshi Ohtsuki8, Manabu Miyata8, Miho Sato9, Osamu Mimura10, Akiko Kimura10, Jun Sugasawa11, Keiko Nakamura11, Takashi Fujikado12
1 Division of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine
3 Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School
4 Utsumi Eye Clinic
5 Ra Eye Clinic
6 Department of Orthoptics, Teikyo University Faculty of Medical Technology
7 Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine
8 Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
9 Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
10 Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine
11 Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College
12 Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
Purpose: To investigate the ability of patients with strabismus and/or amblyopia to see 3D images.
Methods: A questionnaire survey conducted for children aged 6 to 19 years and adults aged 20 to 39 years on their experience of viewing 3D images (movies, motion attractions, television, games), asking whether they could see stereoscopically, with or without adverse effects. A retrospective investigation of ophthalmological examinations was followed.
Results: Of 507 cases, 342 had had the experience of veiwing 3D images. In 212 (62%) cases of strabismus and/or amblyopia, stereopsis was lacking in 17 to 18% of the subjects for movies, in 6 to 7% for attractions, in 32% in children and 50% in adults for television and 23% in children and 17% in adults for games. Adults complained of a higher rate of adverse effects, 65% for movies and 75% for games, as compared with 34% for movies and 26% for games in children (p<0.01). The lack of stereopsis for games and movies was higher in the subgroup of Fly (-) and convergence insufficiency (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Since many patients with strabismus and/or amblyopia found some difficulty in stereoscopic viewing, precise examinations for stereopsis and convergence are needed to assess individual aptitude for 3D viewing.
Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc) 117: 971-982, 2013.
Key words
3D, Stereoscopic image, Survey, Strabismus, Multicenter study
Reprint requests to
Sachiko Nishina, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development. 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
Received: 12 February 2013. Accepted in revised form: 16 July 2013.
Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi
117: 971-982,2013
